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According to county-level data shown in Table 3 , Teton County, Wyoming which is one of two counties in the Jackson metropolitan area from the top of Table 2 , had the largest gap between the top 1 percent and the bottom 99 percent.

In Teton County, Wyoming, the top 1 percent in earned on average The next nine counties with the largest gaps between the top 1 percent and the bottom 99 percent are New York County, New York where the top 1 percent earned In all, counties had gaps wider than the national gap see Appendix Table B2. In the 10 counties with the smallest gaps between the top 1 percent and bottom 99 percent in , the top 1 percent earned between 5.

What is the dollar amount required to be part of the top 1 percent in different states, metro areas, and counties? Table 4 reports the threshold incomes required to be considered part of the top 1 percent by state and by region. Table 4 also includes the threshold to be included in the top 1 percent of the 1 percent or the top 0.

The 50 states are ranked, from highest to lowest, by the income threshold required to be considered part of the top 1 percent in that state. Table 5 and Table 6 present the 25 highest and 25 lowest income thresholds required to be considered part of the top 1 percent by metropolitan area and county, respectively. Data are for tax units. The data presented so far have focused on the top 1 percent within each community.

Incomes are in dollars. As shown in Table 7, the incomes of Californians in the national top 1 percent accounted for the largest share— Of all the income received by the national top 1 percent in , half accrued to families in these five states. Rounding out the top 10 states in terms of the highest shares of national top 1 percent income were New Jersey 4. As a group, these five states accounted for The 10 states where the income of residents in the national top 1 percent accounted for the smallest share of national 1 percent income were Hawaii where the families earning enough to enter the national top 1 percent accounted for 0.

Table 8 and Table 9 present the 10 metropolitan areas and 10 counties with the largest shares of the income of the national top 1 percent Panel A and the 10 metropolitan areas and counties with the largest concentrations of national top 1 percent income relative to their shares of total income Panel B. To view data for all metropolitan areas, see Appendix Table B5. See Appendix Table B6 for all 3, counties.

In this section, we return to analyzing data for the top 1 percent of families within a state as opposed to the national top 1 percent residing in each state, as discussed in the above section , this time looking at historical trends since The average inflation-adjusted income of the bottom 99 percent of families grew by Over the same period, the average income of the top 1 percent of families grew by Faster income growth for the bottom 99 percent of families meant that the top 1 percent captured just 4.

Data are shown in Appendix Table B7. The pattern in the distribution of income growth reversed itself from to as the income of the bottom 99 percent of families grew much more slowly by just As a result, over half Data are shown in Appendix Table B8. Looking at the growth of incomes since the end of the Great Recession in , we see that the more recent unequal pattern of income growth has continued over the course of the recovery.

From to , the income of the bottom 99 percent of families grew by So far during the recovery from to , the top 1 percent of families have captured At the state level, the incomes of the top 1 percent grew faster than the incomes of the bottom 99 percent in 43 states and the District of Columbia.

Data are shown in Appendix Table B9. The distribution of income growth has improved since our last report when we found that the top 1 percent captured From our report to this one, income growth during the recovery for the top 1 percent increased from Among the bottom 99 percent, cumulative growth increased from 0.

The bigger relative improvement in growth for the bottom 99 percent is why the top 1 percent captured a smaller share of income growth from to than from to Nevertheless, the average income of the top 1 percent still grew faster than the average income of the bottom 99 percent, thus the top-to-bottom ratio continued to increase.

Between and there have been 17 expansions. Following Tcherneva , Figure A presents the fraction of regional income growth accruing to the top 1 percent in all but two of those expansions. The share of income growth captured by the top 1 percent is averaged across all economic expansions within each period.

As the figure shows, income growth over the expansions that have occurred since has been captured disproportionately by the top 1 percent in every region of the country, similar to the distribution of income growth in the s. Figure B presents the share of all income including capital gains income held by the top 1 percent of families between and for the United States and by region.

As the figure illustrates, income inequality measured here in terms of market incomes reached a peak in before declining rapidly in the s and s and then more gradually until the s. Notes: Data are for tax units. Income includes capital gains income. Shaded areas denote recessions. Ironically, just as legal forms of discrimination in hiring, schooling, and housing which had already cemented in place the racial wealth inequalities born of American slavery and Jim Crow were being challenged with increasing success, the emerging new prosperity was more gilded than golden: Income growth overall slowed while the top 1 percent income share moved sharply upward toward its peak.

The patterns of income growth over time in individual states reflect in broad terms the national pattern. This pattern, illustrated in Figure B, is also present for each individual state, as seen in the interactive accompanying this release.

The 10 states with the biggest jumps at least A big time bull backed by cow power that our good customers like Ricky Gray, John Tucker, Mel Manhart and Brent and Brennan Williams, as well ourselves have used with a great deal of success. These bulls should be bell ringers back on Herefords or on crossbreds for the look we all hunt! A good one is a good one, regardless of color or what they are on paper. He is very stout featured for a man of his color and is darn good lookin to boot!

He has good grow and performance and is the right size for the times. He is loaded to the gills with capacity and is marked correct enough to throw on questionable marked, juked-up Hereford females. He has a leisure, laid back Hereford attitude on life but knows how to throw his head up and look the part to raise show steers and females that will be versatile geared to take to town and show off and that you can send back to the country to make easy fleshin, good producers!

There is likely no other breed that has gotten as tough as quick as the Herefords have, both in registered and crossbred circles. Kris has been, since the beginning, a firm believer in the power and value of a purebred Hereford herd sire to turn out on his crossbred and purebred Hereford cows. Tyler and Phylli started collecting a few purebred females a few years ago, and Lots 55—57 are the first bull progeny to be offered from them. In the SULL Diana cow family, the granddam, greatgranddam, and great-great-granddam all three were National Champions and are some of the winningest females and producers of all time.

These are the first calves we have out of these two, and they did not disappoint. We are excited to send them on to the donor pen to mass produce. Registration and EPDs for Lots 56 and 57 will be available on the sale supplement sale week. TCC Ms Diana This bull just continues to keep getting better. He has quality hard muscle for a purebred that is hard to come by. Calving ease without sacrificing any looks or build, with a whole pile of genetics to back him!

He came into this world unassisted at no heavier than 55 lbs. We purchased his mother as a bred for our foster girls to show. Good cattle make good kids. He is marked to make Simmis, Herefords or good crossbreds of any color. She has flat worked in just about every direction Price Farms and CH Long have taken her, and the opportunity to have these phenomenal brothers here has been exciting! This is an exceptional pair of unique bred and built brothers. They are total powerhouses that are maternal giants in person and on paper that you could build an entire program around.

PF Loaded Up of Reg. He is humongous middled, muscled and footed. He is sound and coon footed at the ground and extremely cool out his front end for the amount of power he has going on everywhere else. This 2. He will make commercial bulls that will be easy to market and daughters I would like the chance to own, and when put on dirty club calf cows he will ring a bell.

Big middled, smooth made red that should have added calving ease without forfeiting look. Lot 66 A good necked, bodied and hipped half-blood SimAngus that is sound to the ground with plenty of power.

Ones built and bred like this are some of our most frequent customer requests. Lot 69 A purebred Simmi that is big bodied, good lookin and the female makin kind. He is sound and will make a killer lookin mature bull.

Rugged to the core, he is humongous footed and boned, nice necked, so sound and even in his work clothes is easy to spot. He is backed by cow power. Full sibs to his mother have topped sales nationwide, and his Harrietta granddam has shattered the million dollar mark. Lot 71 Huge hipped, wide pinned, real well built, so deep, so sound, loose built, powerful and a long neck that ties in high out of his shoulder. Matt and Judy Mann are longtime customers and northern Hemphill County neighbors. They have unloaded some great calves at our house, but when these two bulls hit the ground in Crawford everyone nodded in unison.

Good cattle and even better people—congrats on a great set! Lot 72 Really good lookin, long spined, sound made, athletic and way cool out his front. An outcross pedigree that brings some much needed parts and pieces to the Shorthorn world. A moderate, compact, smooth made, deep, wide, bold ribbed, sound County O that is cool out his front with some power to boot!

Really good hipped, deep sided, good backed and real sound legged. Even you American boys better study this one, his mother throws this head shape and ear set every time! Pre-Weaning Fall-born Calves. Herd Bulls: 30 to 45 days before turnout. The stress of hauling and relocating these sale cattle can weaken their immune system, so we recommend keeping a good eye on them daily for the first two weeks after you get them home. Lot 80 Color up your calf crop! Super cool, wild marked and big boned Here I Am grandson that with some time will mature into one to be proud of.

Lot 81 Charlie and Casey Parker purchased this bull as an embryo from Horn, and what an opportunity this is for you! He is stout made, big big boned, choke throated, big hipped and wide pinned and had the big time shag! One way cool lookin, sound, big legged, long bodied, big bold ribbed, hard to fault, nice bull. Promoted in Denver as a calf and was a crowd favorite. Anytime one has the Katarina donor in her pedigree, you can mark us down as a fan, and this is one of our favorites that you will love when you see him.

We also reserve the right to collect DNA for cloning purposes on all cattle sold through Cream of the Crop sales. Lot 83 Big hipped, backed, footed and legged. He is the chunky made, meat and taters kind that is sound and good muscled. Longtime customers Gabel Farms of Colorado purchased a Gold son from us and have put him to work with big returns. Do your homework on all this Mountain Man brings to the table.

Her mother was our 6 HooDoo who stamped em hard. Smooth made and sound to the ground. A half-blood Beefmaster that is loaded for bear with looks, character, functionality, power, width, depth and dimension within a perfect sized compact package.

He is more than sound, stout and square enough to use on high percentage Americans or club calf mommas! Ones like this are hard to part with! COC Yellow Jacket would be 19 years old now and is still siring great ones. He is TH- and PHA-free but builds them versatile, siring countless haired show champions from coast to coast. You will also see the Yellow Jacket name on the bottom side of just as many if not more champion pedigrees.

His daughters are reputable, standing the ultimate test of time. They are some of the best producing and most sought after females in the business. Just about everywhere we go, Yellow Jacket females produce some of the best!

Fads come and go, but the quality this bunch brings to the table withstands the test of time. Three generations of Parkers have been making the trek to Crawford come rain or shine for as long as we can remember, assembling some of the best bulls and females we have ever offered and have put them on the fast track to success.

Charlie has gone back and used COC Yellow Jacket on some of his best, including COC , whom he purchased in this sale in and here is the outcome: real good cattle! His response was banner pic after banner pic after banner pic, of multiple breeds, from Denver to Louisville and everywhere in between. This granddaughter comes full steam ahead at you October 23rd! She is deep, very sound, square, great big bodied, good hipped, sweet necked and plenty stout without sacrificing her maternal appearance.

The way good Yellow Jacket females produce, we have plenty of confidence that we will be hearing big things out of this one too! The bred heifers were pasture exposed to Corriente bulls for extra calving ease and will be ready to breed back for quality to the bull of your choice. Pregnancy status will be available on the supplement sale week. Great big soggy middled, level through her lines, way good necked and sound with great muscle. The research goal is to improve understanding of the immunopathology of TB and HIV, using this information to aid in developing novel therapeutic approaches and diagnostic biomarkers.

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The following sections describe additional MOI criteria topics that were discussed by the Panel and for which no changes were recommended.

An earlier Australian study, reviewed by the Panel in , determined that prolonged extrication time was associated with major injury During the revision, the Panel considered poor standardization in the literature regarding the definition of extrication time as well as its dependence on local resources, scene conditions, and extrication expertise in its decision to eliminate prolonged extrication.

The Panel concluded at that time that the vehicle intrusion criterion should be an adequate surrogate for prolonged extrication. Although these data would appear to support the inclusion of "prolonged extrication time" as a mechanism criterion for identifying a major trauma patient, the Panel concluded that this was not an independent predictor in that the intrusion criterion addressed this mechanism event adequately, and the imprecise nature of this data was difficult to interpret reliably and include.

The Panel concluded that no compelling evidence exists to reinstitute prolonged extrication time as a criterion in MOI. Rollover vehicle crash events are less common than planar crashes of vehicles into other vehicles or fixed objects, but they are more dangerous overall 51, Of these, the , 2. Two recent studies highlight the importance of rollover as a predictor of severe injury 49, However, both studies were limited because they did not control for Step One and Step Two criteria when determining the need for transport to a trauma center.

A study was conducted that used 11, EMS provider interviews regarding transport of injured patients to identify injured patients who did not meet the physiologic or anatomic criteria to determine if rollover was a predictor of trauma center need.

The Panel reexamined other data from rollover crashes to determine whether subsets of rollover crashes might warrant inclusion as a criterion in MOI. NASS-CDS rollover crash data were analyzed to determine the effect of the number of quarter turns, the final position of the vehicle, the extent of roof intrusion as well as partial and full ejection of the occupant from the vehicle.

Rollover crashes with roof intrusion of 24 inches were associated with a Any ejection partial or full was associated with a The Panel thought that the existing ejection and intrusion criterion, and the previously discussed modification to include roof intrusion, adequately addressed field triage of this subset of severe rollover crashes. As a crash mechanism, rollover might result in one or more occupants sustaining severe injuries.

The Panel reiterated its opinion that patients involved in rollover crashes should be evaluated by EMS personnel to determine if they have injuries that meet Step One, Step Two, or other Step Three criteria.

Patients involved in rollover crashes who meet Step One or Step Two criteria should be transported preferentially to the highest level of care within the defined trauma system. Patients involved in rollover crashes who meet only Step Three but not Step One or Step Two criteria should be transported to a trauma center that, depending on the defined trauma system, need not be the highest-level trauma center. The Panel noted that the increased injury severity associated with rollover crashes results from an occupant being ejected either partially or completely from the vehicle, and partial or complete ejection is already a criterion for transport to a trauma center.

Therefore, the previous decision to remove rollover from the Guidelines was reaffirmed, and no changes were made regarding rollover. In addition, the Panel noted that adding "including roof" under the intrusion criterion will identify rollover crashes with significant roof intrusion. Several studies have indicated that mechanical aspects of collisions can be predictors of injury in motor vehicle crashes. The study also concluded that an event data recorder EDR system could provide emergency personnel with good estimates of injury status based solely on data such as seat belt use, direction of impact, and Delta V, which can be collected from the vehicle.

Other research has suggested that factors that can be recorded by a vehicle EDR system such as Delta V 59,60 , high speed velocity 61 , location of impact 62 , and vehicle weight and type 63 are predictors of severe injury. The Panel recognized the increasing availability of vehicle telemetry in newer vehicles and reaffirmed its position that vehicle telemetry might have an important role in the triage of injured patients as the crash technology, data transmission, and telemetry availability continue to expand.

An explanation of how vehicle telematics could be used in field triage has been published previously Research conducted on falls is limited because of the inability to study the impact of measured fall height directly. However, three studies were identified that added insight into this mechanism. Furthermore, another study conducted in France of victims of falls from height indicated that height of fall, hard impact surface, and having the head being the first body part to touch the ground were independent predictors of mortality On the basis of these three studies with limited sample sizes and the overall limited data on falls, no changes were made to this section.

In Step Four, the criteria for older adults and anticoagulation were modified, and the criteria for end stage renal disease requiring dialysis and time-sensitive extremity injury were removed. In Step Four, EMS personnel must determine whether persons who have not met physiologic, anatomic, or mechanism steps have underlying conditions or comorbid factors that place them at higher risk of injury or that aid in identifying the seriously injured patient. Persons who meet Step Four criteria might require trauma center care.

A retrospective study of approximately 1 million trauma patients indicated that using physiologic Step One and anatomic Step Two criteria alone for triage of patients resulted in a high degree of under triage, implying that using special considerations for determining trauma center need helped reduce the problem of under triage Among 89, injured patients evaluated by EMS providers at six sites, physiologic, anatomic, and mechanism of injury criteria identified 4, The Panel recommended transport to a trauma center or hospital capable of timely and thorough evaluation and initial management of potentially serious injuries for patients who meet the following criteria:.

In addition, use of multivariate logistic regression indicated that physiologic triage variables e. Several studies suggest that differences in the physiologic response to injury and high-risk mechanisms in older adults might partly explain undertriage rates in this age group.

In addition, the Panel reviewed literature that indicated that older adults might be severely injured in low-energy events e. An analysis of deaths reported by the King County Medical Examiner's Office King County, Washington indicated that ground level falls accounted for On the basis of its review, the Panel elected to strengthen the criterion regarding older adults in Step Four.

The Panel modified this criterion to highlight the potential for rapid deterioration in anticoagulated patients with head injuries. Anticoagulation use has been associated with an increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage following head injury 72,73—77 and longer hospital stays 72, After reviewing this literature, the Panel elected to strengthen this criterion, underscoring the potential for anticoagulated patients who do not meet Step One, Step Two, or Step Three criteria but who have evidence of head injury to undergo rapid decompensation and deterioration.

The panel recognized that patients who meet this criterion should be transported preferentially to a hospital capable of rapid evaluation and imaging of these patients and initiation of reversal of anticoagulation if necessary. The panel reviewed this specific criterion, which was added to the Guidelines because of the potential risk of anticoagulation in these patients and the need for special resources e.

However, in , the Panel elected to remove this criterion, noting that research demonstrating the value of dialysis as a triage criterion for identifying patients with serious injury is lacking and that concerns regarding anticoagulation in this population are addressed under the anticoagulation and bleeding disorders criterion.

The Panel thought that transport decisions regarding patients requiring dialysis are best made in consultation with medical control or based on local transport protocols for such patients. With the addition of "pulseless" to Step Two criteria, the panel thought this criterion was redundant, and removed it from the Guidelines. The transition boxes in the schematic Figures 1 and 2 provide destination guidance to the prehospital provider for patients meeting criteria outlined in the preceding Step.

After reviewing input from providers, states, and local EMS agencies, the Panel recognized the need to simplify the appearance of the Guidelines, modify the transition boxes, clarify the intent of the Guidelines, and simplify communication of action steps in the Guidelines across a variety of providers and systems.

To do this, the Panel took action both to improve the layout of the decision scheme and to modify specific wording within the boxes. To improve the layout of the transition boxes, the Panel took two steps. First, because the transition boxes between Step One and Step Two communicate the exact same information and thus were thought to be redundant, they were consolidated into one box.

Second, all action steps were moved to the right side of the page for easier readability and determination of outputs for patients meeting different steps in the Guideline Figure 2. Next, the Panel modified the language within the boxes to ensure consistency between transitions in the Guideline. The first word in all transition boxes was changed to "transport" to ensure consistency between all boxes.

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